Name two common risk controls used in sacral neuromodulation implantation.

• A. Frequent follow-up visits and dietary restrictions.
• B. Extended bed rest and avoidance of physical therapy.
• C. Randomized device selection and trial period.
• D. Aseptic technique and proper device programming with impedance testing.

Answer: (D)

In sacral neuromodulation implantation, the two key risk controls are keeping the procedure strictly sterile and ensuring the device is set up and tested correctly. Aseptic technique minimizes the chance of surgical site infection, a serious complication that can require additional procedures and hardware removal. After placement, proper device programming with impedance testing verifies that the generator and leads are connected and functioning, and helps detect issues like lead discontinuity or improper connections before they cause symptoms or device failure. This combination directly targets infection risk and hardware reliability, which are central to patient safety. Other options either focus more on follow-up or trial design rather than preventing intraoperative complications or guaranteeing safe device operation.