Which method is commonly used to verify proper lead placement during sacral neuromodulation implantation?

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Real-time imaging to confirm lead position relative to sacral anatomy is what surgeons rely on during sacral neuromodulation implantation. Fluoroscopy provides live X-ray views of the sacrum and foramina, so the lead tip can be placed precisely near the intended sacral nerve root. This precise positioning is essential to ensure the stimulation targets the correct neural tissue and yields effective symptom relief. Other options either aren’t routinely used during implantation or don’t reliably verify anatomical location—for example, MRI guidance isn’t practical or safe with implanted hardware in this setting, electrical impedance mapping checks contact quality rather than exact location, and visual inspection alone cannot reveal the deep anatomy involved.