Which of the following are typical adverse events associated with sacral neuromodulation?

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Lead migration is a typical adverse event with sacral neuromodulation because the implanted lead runs near the sacral nerves and can shift position over time due to movement, tissue changes, or inadequate fixation. When the lead moves, the stimulation may become less effective or cause new sensations, often requiring repositioning or revision to restore therapy. Other options don’t fit because vision changes are not related to sacral nerve modulation, a skin rash unrelated to the implant doesn’t reflect the common hardware-related issues of the system, and increased appetite is not associated with this therapy.